Use these scale buckets mapped to physical pixels per inch: 0.75 → 120 ppi, 1 → 160 ppi, 1.5 → 240 ppi, 2 → 320 ppi, 3 → 480 ppi, 4 → 640 ppi. Convert vector-independent pixels to actual pixels with px = dp × scale factor; this gives predictable raster sizes across displays. For concrete export sizes: a UI element defined as 48dp should be output at 36px, 48px, 72px, 96px, 144px, 192px for the 0.75–4× buckets respectively. A typical toolbar icon at 24dp becomes 18px, 24px, 36px, 48px, 72px, 96p...